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Central Acts of India prepared by Law Firm in India

  THE TRADE MARKS ACT, 1999
 
 ACT NO. 47 OF 1999
 
 [30th December, 1999]
 
 
 An  Act  to amend and consolidate the law relating to trade marks,  to
 provide  for  registration  and better protection of trade  marks  for
 goods  and  services and for the prevention of the use  of  fraudulent
 marks.
 
 BE  it  enacted by Parliament in the Fiftieth Year of the Republic  of
 India as follows:-
 
 
 CHAP
 
 PRELIMINARY
 
 
 CHAPTER I
 
 PRELIMINARY
 
 
 1.
 
 Short title and commencement.
 
 
 1.  Short title and commencement.-(1) This Act may be called the Trade
 Marks Act, 1999.
 
 (2) It extends to the whole of India.
 
 (3)  It  shall come into force on such date as the Central  Government
 may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint:
 
 Provided  that  different  dates  may   be  appointed  for   different
 provisions of this Act, and any reference in any such provision to the
 commencement  of  this  Act shall be construed as a reference  to  the
 coming into force of that provision.
 
 
 2.
 
 Definitions and interpretation.
 
 
 2.   Definitions  and  interpretation.-(1)  In this  Act,  unless  the
 context otherwise requires,-
 
 (a)  "Appellate  Board"  means the Appellate Board  established  under
 section 83;
 
 (b)  "assignment" means an assignment in writing by act of the parties
 concerned;
 
 (c)  "associated  trade  marks"  means trade marks deemed  to  be,  or
 required to be, registered as associated trade marks under this Act;
 
 (d) "Bench" means a Bench of the Appellate Board;
 
 (e)  "certification trade mark" means a mark capable of distinguishing
 the  goods  or  services in connection with which it is  used  in  the
 course  of trade which are certified by the proprietor of the mark  in
 respect   of  origin,  material,  mode  of  manufacture  f  goods   or
 performance  of  services, quality, accuracy or other  characteristics
 from  goods or services not so certified and registrable as such under
 Chapter  IX  in  respect of those goods or services in  the  name,  as
 proprietor of the certification trade ma k, of that person;
 
 (f) "Chairman" means the Chairman of the Appellate Board;
 
 (g)  "collective mark" means a trade mark distinguishing the goods  or
 services  of  members  of  an  association of  persons  (not  being  a
 partnership within the meaning of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932) (9
 of 1932) which is the proprietor of the mark from t ose of others;
 
 (h)  "deceptively  similar".-A mark shall be deemed to be  deceptively
 similar  to another mark if it so nearly resembles that other mark  as
 to be likely to deceive or cause confusion;
 
 (i) "false trade description" means-
 
 (I)  a  trade description which is untrue or misleading in a  material
 respect as regards the goods or services to which it is applied;  or
 
 (II)  any  alteration of a trade description as regards the  goods  or
 services  to  which  it  is  applied,  whether  by  way  of  addition,
 effacement  or otherwise, where that alteration makes the  description
 untrue or misleading in a material respect;  or
 
 (III)  any  trade description which denotes or implies that there  are
 con-  tained, as regards the goods to which it is applied, more  yards
 or  metres than there are contained therein standard yards or standard
 metres;  or
 
 (IV) any marks or arrangement or combination thereof when applied-
 
 (a)  to  goods  in such a manner as to be likely to  lead  persons  to
 believe  that  the  goods are the manufacture or merchandise  of  some
 person  other  than the person whose merchandise or  manufacture  they
 really are;
 
 (b)  in relation to services in such a manner as to be likely to  lead
 persons  to believe that the services are provided or rendered by some
 person other than the person whose services they really are;  or
 
 (V)  any  false  name  or initials of a person  applied  to  goods  or
 services  in  such  manner as if such name or initials  were  a  trade
 description in any case where the name or initials-
 
 (a) is or are not a trade mark or part of a trade mark;  and
 
 (b)  is  or are identical with or deceptively similar to the  name  or
 initials  of a person carrying on business in connection with goods or
 services  of  the same description or both and who has not  authorised
 the use of such name or initials;  and
 
 (c)  is  or are either the name or initials of a fictitious person  or
 some person not bona fide carrying on business in connection with such
 goods  or  services, and the fact that a trade description is a  trade
 mark  or part of a trade mark shall not prevent such trade description
 being a false trade description within the meaning of this Act;
 
 (j)  "goods"  means  anything  which  is   the  subject  of  trade  or
 manufacture;
 
 (k)  ''Judicial  Member''  means  a  Member  of  the  Appellate  Board
 appointed  as  such under this Act, and includes the Chairman and  the
 Vice-Chairman;
 
 (l)   "limitations"  (with  its   grammatical  variations)  means  any
 limitation  of the exclusive right to the use of a trade mark given by
 the  registration  of  a  person   as  proprietor  thereof,  including
 limitations  of  that right as to mode or area of use within I dia  or
 outside India;
 
 (m)  "mark"  includes a device, brand, heading, label,  ticket,  name,
 signature,  word,  letter,  numeral,  shape  of  goods,  packaging  or
 combination of colours or any combination thereof;
 
 (n)  "Member"  means  a Judicial Member or a Technical Member  of  the
 Appellate Board and includes the Chairman and the Vice-Chairman;
 
 (o) "name" includes any abbreviation of a name;
 
 (p)  "notify"  means to notify in the Trade Mark Journal published  by
 the Registrar;
 
 (q)  "package"  includes any case, box, container,  covering,  folder,
 receptacle,  vessel,  casket,  bottle, wrapper, label,  band,  ticket,
 reel, frame, capsule, cap, lid, stopper and cork;
 
 (r) "permitted use", in relation to a registered trade mark, means the
 use of trade mark-
 
 (i)  by  a registered user of the trade mark in relation to  goods  or
 services-
 
 (a) with which he is connected in the course of trade;  and
 
 (b) in respect of which the trade mark remains registered for the time
 being;  and
 
 (c) for which he is registered as registered user;  and
 
 (d)  which  complies with any conditions or limitations to  which  the
 registration of registered user is subject;  or
 
 (ii)  by a person other than the registered proprietor and  registered
 user in relation to goods or services-
 
 (a) with which he is connected in the course of trade;  and
 
 (b) in respect of which the trade mark remains registered for the time
 being;  and
 
 (c)  by consent of such registered proprietor in a written  agreement;
 and
 
 (d)  which  complies with any conditions or limitations to which  such
 user  is  subject and to which the registration of the trade  mark  is
 subject;
 
 (s) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
 
 (t)  "register"  means  the  Register of Trade Marks  referred  to  in
 sub-section (1) of section 6;
 
 (u)  "registered"  (with its grammatical variations) means  registered
 under this Act;
 
 (v)  "registered  proprietor", in relation to a trade mark, means  the
 person for the time being entered in the register as proprietor of the
 trade mark;
 
 (w)  "registered  trade mark" means a trade mark which is actually  on
 the register and remaining in force;
 
 (x)  "registered  user"  means  a person who is  for  the  time  being
 registered as such under section 49;
 
 (y)  "Registrar"  means  the Registrar of Trade Marks referred  to  in
 section 3;
 
 (z) "service" means service of any description which is made available
 to  potential  users  and  includes   the  provision  of  services  in
 connection  with business of any industrial or commercial matters such
 as  banking,  communication,  education, financing,  i  surance,  chit
 funds,   real   estate,  transport,   storage,   material   treatment,
 processing,  supply of electrical or other energy, boarding,  lodging,
 entertainment,  amusement, construction, repair, conveying of news  or
 information and advertising;
 
 (za)  "trade  description" means any description, statement  or  other
 indication, direct or indirect,-
 
 (i) as to the number, quantity, measure, guage or weight of any goods;
 or
 
 (ii)  as to the standard of quality of any goods or services according
 to a classification commonly used or recognised in the trade;  or
 
 (iii)  as  to  fitness  for  the  purpose,  strength,  performance  or
 behaviour  of  any  goods, being "drug" as defined in  the  Drugs  and
 Cosmetics  Act,  1940  (23  of  1940), or "food"  as  defined  in  the
 Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 (37 of 1954);  or
 
 (iv)  as  to  the place or country in which or the time at  which  any
 goods or services were made, produced or provided, as the case may be;
 or
 
 (v)  as to the name and address or other indication of the identity of
 the  manufacturer  or of the person providing the services or  of  the
 person  for whom the goods are manufactured or services are  provided;
 or
 
 (vi) as to the mode of manufacture or producing any goods or providing
 services;  or
 
 (vii) as to the material of which any goods are composed;  or
 
 (viii)  as  to  any  goods being the subject of  an  existing  patent,
 privilege or copyright, and includes-
 
 (a)  any description as to the use of any mark which according to  the
 custom  of  the trade is commonly taken to be an indication of any  of
 the above matters;
 
 (b)  the description as to any imported goods contained in any bill of
 entry or shipping bill;
 
 (c)  any  other  description which is likely to  be  misunderstood  or
 mistaken for all or any of the said matters;
 
 (zb)   "trade  mark"  means  a   mark  capable  of  being  represented
 graphically  and  which  is  capable of distinguishing  the  goods  or
 services  of one person from those of others and may include shape  of
 goods, their packaging and combination of colours;  and-
 
 (i)  in relation to Chapter XII (other than section 107), a registered
 trade  mark  or a mark used in relation to goods or services  for  the
 purpose  of indicating or so as to indicate a connection in the course
 of  trade  between the goods or services, as the ase may be, and  some
 person having the right as proprietor to use the mark;  and
 
 (ii)  in  relation  to other provisions of this Act, a  mark  used  or
 proposed  to be used in relation to goods or services for the  purpose
 of  indicating  or so to indicate a connection in the course of  trade
 between  the  goods or services, as the case may be, a d  some  person
 having the right, either as proprietor or by way of permitted user, to
 use the mark whether with or without any indication of the identity of
 that  person,  and includes a certification trade mark  or  collective
 mark;
 
 (zc) "transmission" means transmission by operation of law, devolution
 on the personal representative of a deceased person and any other mode
 of transfer, not being assignment;
 
 (zd) ''Technical Member'' means a Member who is not a Judicial Member;
 
 (ze)  "tribunal"  means  the  Registrar or, as the case  may  be,  the
 Appellate Board, before which the proceeding concerned is pending;
 
 (zf) "Vice-Chairman" means a Vice-Chairman of the Appellate Board;
 
 (zg)  "well-known trade mark" , in relation to any goods or  services,
 means  a  mark which has become so to the substantial segment  of  the
 public which uses such goods or receives such services that the use of
 such  mark in relation to other goods or service would be likely to be
 taken  as indicating a connection in the course of trade or  rendering
 of  services  between those goods or services and a person  using  the
 mark in relation to the first-mentioned goods or services.
 
 (2) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, any reference-
 
 (a)  to  "trade mark" shall include reference to "collective mark"  or
 "certification trade mark";
 
 (b)  to the use of a mark shall be construed as a reference to the use
 of printed or other visual representation of the mark;
 
 (c) to the use of a mark,-
 
 (i) in relation to goods, shall be construed as a reference to the use
 of  the  mark  upon,  or  in any physical or  in  any  other  relation
 whatsoever, to such goods;
 
 (ii) in relation to services, shall be construed as a reference to the
 use of the mark as or as part of any statement about the availability,
 provision or performance of such services;
 
 (d)  to  the Registrar shall be construed as including a reference  to
 any  officer  when  discharging  the functions  of  the  Registrar  in
 pursuance of sub-section (2) of section 3;
 
 (e)  to  the  Trade Marks Registry shall be construed as  including  a
 reference to any office of the Trade Marks Registry.
 
 (3)  For  the purposes of this Act, goods and services are  associated
 with  each  other  if it is likely that those goods might be  sold  or
 otherwise  traded in and those services might be provided by the  same
 business  and  so  with  descriptions of goods  and  desc  iptions  of
 services.
 
 (4)  For  the purposes of this Act, "existing registered  trade  mark"
 means  a  trade mark registered under the Trade and Merchandise  Marks
 Act,  1958  (43 of 1958) immediately before the commencement  of  this
 Act.
 
 
 CHAP
 
 THE REGISTER AND CONDITIONS FOR REGISTRATION
 
 
 CHAPTER II
 
 THE REGISTER AND CONDITIONS FOR REGISTRATION
 
 
 3.
 
 Appointment of Reistrar and other officers.
 
 
 3.   Appointment  of  Registrar and other  officers.-(1)  The  Central
 Government  may,  by notification in the Official Gazette,  appoint  a
 person  to be known as the Controller-General of Patents, Designs  and
 Trade  Marks,  who  shall  be the Registrar of  Trade  Marks  for  the
 purposes of this Act.
 
 (2)  The Central Government may appoint such other officers with  such
 designations  as  it thinks fit for the purpose of discharging,  under
 the  superintendence and direction of the Registrar, such functions of
 the  Registrar  under this Act as he may from ti e to  time  authorise
 them to discharge.
 
 
 4.
 
 Power of Reistrar to withdraw or transfer cases, etc.
 
 
 4.   Power  of Registrar to withdraw or transfer  cases,  etc.-Without
 prejudice  to  the generality of the provisions of sub-section (2)  of
 section  3, the Registrar may, by order in writing and for reasons  to
 be  recorded  therein, withdraw any matter pending be ore  an  officer
 appointed  under  the said sub-section (2) and deal with  such  matter
 himself  either  de  novo  or from the stage it was  so  withdrawn  or
 transfer  the same to another officer so appointed who may, subject to
 special  directions in the order of tra sfer, proceed with the  matter
 either de novo or from the stage it was so transferred.
 
 
 5.
 
 Trade Marks Registry and offices thereof.
 
 
 5.   Trade Marks Registry and offices thereof.-(1) For the purposes of
 this  Act,  there shall be a trade marks registry and the Trade  Marks
 Registry  established under the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act,  1958
 (43 of 1958) shall be the Trade Marks Registry u der this Act.
 
 (2) The head office of the Trade Marks Registry shall be at such place
 as  the  Central  Government  may  specify, and  for  the  purpose  of
 facilitating the registration of trade marks, there may be established
 at  such places as the Central Government may think fit branch offices
 of the Trade Marks Registry.
 
 (3)  The  Central  Government  may, by notification  in  the  Official
 Gazette,  define the territorial limits within which an office of  the
 Trade Marks Registry may exercise its functions.
 
 (4) There shall be a seal of the Trade Marks Registry.
 
 
 6.
 
 The Register of Trade Marks.
 
 
 6.   The Register of Trade Marks.-(1) For the purposes of this Act,  a
 record  called  the Register of Trade Marks shall be kept at the  head
 office  of  the  Trade Marks Registry, wherein shall  be  entered  all
 registered trade marks with the names, addresses and escription of the
 proprietors, notifications of assignment and transmissions, the names,
 addresses   and   descriptions  of   registered   users,   conditions,
 limitations  and such other matter relating to registered trade  marks
 as may be prescribed.
 
 (2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (1), it shall be
 lawful  for  the  Registrar to keep the records wholly  or  partly  in
 computer floppies diskattes or in any other electronic form subject to
 such safeguards as may be prescribed.
 
 (3)  Where  such register is maintained wholly or partly  on  computer
 under  sub-section  (2)  any  reference in this Act to  entry  in  the
 register  shall  be  construed  as  the  reference  to  any  entry  as
 maintained on computer or in any other electronic form.
 
 (4)  No notice of any trust, express or implied or constructive, shall
 be  entered in the register and no such notice shall be receivable  by
 the Registrar.
 
 (5) The register shall be kept under the control and management of the
 Registrar.
 
 (6)  There  shall  be kept at each branch office of  the  Trade  Marks
 Registry  a  copy  of  the register and such of  the  other  documents
 mentioned   in  section  148  as   the  Central  Government  may,   by
 notification in the Official Gazette, direct.
 
 (7)  The Register of Trade Marks, both Part A and Part B, existing  at
 the  commencement of this Act, shall be incorporated in and form  part
 of the register under this Act.
 
 
 7.
 
 Classification of goods and services.
 
 
 7.   Classification  of  goods and services.-(1) The  Registrar  shall
 classify  goods and services, as far as may be, in accordance with the
 International classification of goods and services for the purposes of
 registration of trade marks.
 
 (2)  Any  question arising as to the class within which any  goods  or
 services  falls  shall be determined by the Registrar  whose  decision
 shall be final.
 
 
 8.
 
 Publication of alphabetical index.
 
 
 8.   Publication of alphabetical index.-(1) The Registrar may  publish
 in  the  prescribed manner an alphabetical index of classification  of
 goods and services referred to in section 7.
 
 (2)  Where any goods or services are not specified in the alphabetical
 index  of  goods  and services published under  sub-section  (1),  the
 classification  of  goods  or  services shall  be  determined  by  the
 Registrar in accordance with sub-section (2) of section .
 
 
 9.
 
 Absolute grounds for refusal of registration.
 
 
 9.  Absolute grounds for refusal of registration.-(1) The trade marks-
 
 (a) which are devoid of any distinctive character, that is to say, not
 capable  of  distinguishing the goods or services of one  person  from
 those of another person;
 
 (b)  which consist exclusively of marks or indications which may serve
 in  trade to designate the kind, quality, quantity, intended  purpose,
 values,  geographical origin or the time of production of the goods or
 rendering  of  the  service or other characteris ics of the  goods  or
 service;
 
 (c)  which  consist  exclusively of marks or  indications  which  have
 become  customary  in  the current language or in the  bona  fide  and
 established practices of the trade, shall not be registered:
 
 Provided that a trade mark shall not be refused registration if before
 the date of application for registration it has acquired a distinctive
 character  as a result of the use made of it or is a well-known  trade
 mark.
 
 (2) A mark shall not be registered as a trade mark if-
 
 (a) it is of such nature as to deceive the public or cause confusion;
 
 (b)  it  contains  or  comprises  of any matter  likely  to  hurt  the
 religious  susceptibilities of any class or section of the citizens of
 India;
 
 (c) it comprises or contains scandalous or obscene matter;
 
 (d)  its use is prohibited under the Emblems and Names (Prevention  of
 Improper Use) Act, 1950 (12 of 1950).
 
 (3)  A  mark  shall not be registered as a trade mark if  it  consists
 exclusively of-
 
 (a)  the  shape  of goods which results from the nature of  the  goods
 themselves;  or
 
 (b)  the  shape  of  goods which is necessary to  obtain  a  technical
 result;  or
 
 (c) the shape which gives substantial value to the goods.
 
 Explanation.-For  the purposes of this section, the nature of goods or
 services in relation to which the trade mark is used or proposed to be
 used shall not be a ground for refusal of registration.
 
 
 10.
 
 Limitation as to colour.
 
 
 10.   Limitation as to colour.-(1) A trade mark may be limited  wholly
 or in part to any combination of colours and any such limitation shall
 be  taken  into consideration by the tribunal having to decide on  the
 distinctive character of the trade mark.
 
 (2) So far as a trade mark is registered without limitation of colour,
 it shall be deemed to be registered for all colours.
 
 
 11.
 
 Relative grounds for refusal of registration.
 
 
 11.   Relative  grounds  for  refusal  of  registration.-(1)  Save  as
 provided  in  section  12, a trade mark shall not  be  registered  if,
 because of-
 
 (a) its identity with an earlier trade mark and similarity of goods or
 services covered by the trade mark;  or
 
 (b)  its  similarity  to  an earlier trade mark and  the  identity  or
 similarity  of the goods or services covered by the trade mark,  there
 exists  a  likelihood  of confusion on the part of the  public,  which
 includes the likelihood of association with the earlier trade mark.
 
 (2) A trade mark which-
 
 (a) is identical with or similar to an earlier trade mark;  and
 
 (b) is to be registered for goods or services which are not similar to
 those  for which the earlier trade mark is registered in the name of a
 different  proprietor, shall not be registered if or to the extent the
 earlier  trade mark is a well-known trade mark in India and the use of
 the  later mark without due cause would take unfair advantage of or be
 detrimental to the distinctive character or repute of the earlier rade
 mark.
 
 (3)  A  trade mark shall not be registered if, or to the extent  that,
 its use in India is liable to be prevented-
 
 (a)  by  virtue  of  any  law in particular the  law  of  passing  off
 protecting an unregistered trade mark used in the course of trade;  or
 
 (b) by virtue of law of copyright.
 
 (4)  Nothing in this section shall prevent the registration of a trade
 mark  where the proprietor of the earlier trade mark or other  earlier
 right consents to the registration, and in such case the Registrar may
 register the mark under special circumstance under section 12.
 
 Explanation.-For  the  purposes  of this section, earlier  trade  mark
 means-
 
 (a)  a registered trade mark or convention application referred to  in
 section  154 which has a date of application earlier than that of  the
 trade  mark  in  question, taking account, where appropriate,  of  the
 priorities claimed in respect of the trade marks;
 
 (b)  a  trade  mark  which,  on   the  date  of  the  application  for
 registration  of the trade mark in question, or where appropriate,  of
 the  priority  claimed in respect of the application, was entitled  to
 protection as a well-known trade mark.
 
 (5)  A  trade  mark shall not be refused registration on  the  grounds
 specified  in sub-sections (2) and (3), unless objection on any one or
 more  of  those  grounds is raised in opposition  proceedings  by  the
 proprietor of the earlier trade mark.
 
 (6)  The Registrar shall, while determining whether a trade mark is  a
 well-known  trade mark, take into account any fact which he  considers
 relevant  for  determining  a trade mark as a  well-known  trade  mark
 including-
 
 (i)  the  knowledge or recognition of that trade mark in the  relevant
 section  of  the  public including knowledge in India  obtained  as  a
 result of promotion of the trade mark;
 
 (ii)  the  duration, extent and geographical area of any use  of  that
 trade mark;
 
 (iii)  the duration, extent and geographical area of any promotion  of
 the  trade mark, including advertising or publicity and  presentation,
 at  fairs  or exhibition of the goods or services to which  the  trade
 mark applies;
 
 (iv)  the duration and geographical area of any registration of or any
 application  for registration of that trade mark under this Act to the
 extent they reflect the use or recognition of the trade mark;
 
 (v)  the record of successful enforcement of the rights in that  trade
 mark,  in  particular,  the extent to which the trade  mark  has  been
 recognised  as a well-known trade mark by any court or Registrar under
 that record.
 
 (7)  The Registrar shall, while determining as to whether a trade mark
 is  known  or recognised in a relevant section of the public  for  the
 purposes of sub-section (6), take into account-
 
 (i)  the  number  of  actual or potential consumers of  the  goods  or
 services;
 
 (ii) the number of persons involved in the channels of distribution of
 the goods or services;
 
 (iii)  the  business  circles dealing with the goods or  services,  to
 which that trade mark applies.
 
 (8)  Where  a  trade mark has been determined to be well-known  in  at
 least  one  relevant  section of the public in India by any  court  or
 Registrar,  the  Registrar  shall  consider   that  trade  mark  as  a
 well-known trade mark for registration under this Act.
 
 (9)  The  Registrar shall not require as a condition, for  determining
 whether a trade mark is a well-known trade mark, any of the following,
 namely:-
 
 (i) that the trade mark has been used in India;
 
 (ii) that the trade mark has been registered;
 
 (iii) that the application for registration of the trade mark has been
 filed in India;
 
 (iv) that the trade mark-
 
 (a) is well-known in;  or
 
 (b) has been registered in;  or
 
 (c) in respect of which an application for registration has been filed
 in, any jurisdiction other than India;  or
 
 (v) that the trade mark is well-known to the public at large in India.
 
 (10) While considering an application for registration of a trade mark
 and opposition filed in respect thereof, the Registrar shall-
 
 (i)  protect a well-known trade mark against the identical or  similar
 trade marks;
 
 (ii)  take  into  consideration the bad faith involved either  of  the
 applicant  or  the opponent affecting the right relating to the  trade
 mark.
 
 (11)  Where a trade mark has been registered in good faith  disclosing
 the  material informations to the Registrar or where right to a  trade
 mark  has  been  acquired  through  use   in  good  faith  before  the
 commencement of this Act, then, nothing in this Act shal prejudice the
 validity  of the registration of that trade mark or right to use  that
 trade  mark  on the ground that such trade mark is identical  with  or
 similar to a well-known trade mark.
 
 
 12.
 
 Registration in the case of honest concurrent use, etc.
 
 
 12.   Registration  in the case of honest concurrent use, etc.-In  the
 case  of honest concurrent use or of other special circumstances which
 in  the  opinion  of the Registrar, make it proper so to  do,  he  may
 permit the registration by more than one proprietor of the trade marks
 which are identical or similar (whether any such trade mark is already
 registered  or  not)  in  respect  of the same  or  similar  goods  or
 services,  subject to such conditions and limitations, if any, as  the
 Registrar may think fit to impose
 
 
 13.
 
 Prohibition of registration of names of chemical elements orinternational
 non-proprietary names.
 
 
 13.   Prohibition  of  registration of names of chemical  elements  or
 international non-proprietary names.-No word-
 
 (a)  which  is  the  commonly used and accepted  name  of  any  single
 chemical  element  or any single chemical compound  (as  distinguished
 from a mixture) in respect of a chemical substance or preparation, or
 
 (b) which is declared by the World Health Organisation and notified in
 the  prescribed  manner  by  the Registrar from time to  time,  as  an
 international non- proprietary name or which is deceptively similar to
 such  name,  shall  be  registered  as  a  trade  mark  and  any  such
 registration  shall  be deemed for the purpose of section 57 to be  an
 entry  made  in  the  register without sufficient cause  or  an  entry
 wrongly remaining on the register, as the circumstances may require.
 
 
 14.
 
 Use of names and representations of living persons or personsrecently dead.
 
 
 14.   Use  of names and representations of living persons  or  persons
 recently  dead.-Where an application is made for the registration of a
 trade mark which falsely suggests a connection with any living person,
 or  a  person whose death took place within twen y years prior to  the
 date  of application for registration of the trade mark, the Registrar
 may, before he proceeds with the application, require the applicant to
 furnish  him with the consent in writing of such living person or,  as
 the case may be, of the legal representative of the deceased person to
 the  connection appearing on the trade mark, and may refuse to proceed
 with the application unless the applicant furnishes the registrar with
 such consent.
 
 
 15.
 
 Registration of parts of trade marks and of trade marks as a series.
 
 
 15.   Registration  of  parts of trade marks and of trade marks  as  a
 series.-(1) Where the proprietor of a trade mark claims to be entitled
 to  the exclusive use of any part thereof separately, he may apply  to
 register the whole and the part as separate trad marks.
 
 (2)  Each  such separate trade mark shall satisfy all  the  conditions
 applying to and have all the incidents of, an independent trade mark.
 
 (3)  Where  a  person claiming to be the proprietor of  several  trade
 marks  in  respect  of  the  same or  similar  goods  or  services  or
 description  of  goods  or  description   of  services,  which,  while
 resembling  each other in the material particulars thereof, yet d ffer
 in respect of-
 
 (a)  statement of the goods or services in relation to which they  are
 respectively used or proposed to be used;  or
 
 (b) statement of number, price, quality or names of places;  or
 
 (c)  other  matter  of  a non-distinctive  character  which  does  not
 substantially affect the identity of the trade mark;  or
 
 (d) colour,
 
 seeks  to  register  those trade marks, they may be  registered  as  a
 series in one registration.
 
 
 16.
 
 Registration of trade marks as associated trade marks.
 
 
 16.   Registration of trade marks as associated trade marks.-(1) Where
 a  trade mark which is registered, or is the subject of an application
 for  registration,  in respect of any goods or services  is  identical
 with  another  trade mark which is registered, or s the subject of  an
 application  for  registration, in the name of the same proprietor  in
 respect  of the same goods or description of goods or same services or
 description  of services or so nearly resembles it as to be likely  to
 deceive  or  cause  confusion  f  used by  a  person  other  than  the
 proprietor,  the  Registrar may, at any time, require that  the  trade
 marks shall be entered on the register as associated trade marks.
 
 (2)  Where there is an identity or near resemblance of marks that  are
 registered, or are the subject of applications for registration in the
 name  of  the same proprietor, in respect of goods and in  respect  of
 services  which  are  associated  with those goods  r  goods  of  that
 description  and with those services or services of that  description,
 sub-section  (1)  shall  apply  as it applies as  where  there  is  an
 identity  or near resemblance of marks that are registered, or are the
 subject  of  applications  for registra ion, in the name of  the  same
 proprietor  in  respect of the same goods or description of  goods  or
 same services or description of services.
 
 (3)  Where  a trade mark and any part thoreof are, in accordance  with
 the  provisions  of  sub-section  (1) of  section  15,  registered  as
 separate trade marks in the name of the same proprietor, they shall be
 deemed to be, and shall be registered as, associated trade marks.
 
 (4)  All  trade marks registered in accordance with the provisions  of
 sub-section (3) of section 15 as a series in one registration shall be
 deemed to be, and shall be registered as, associated trade marks.
 
 (5)  On  application made in the prescribed manner by  the  registered
 proprietor  of two or more trade marks registered as associated  trade
 marks,  the Registrar may dissolve the association as respects any  of
 them if he is satisfied that there would be no li elihood of deception
 or  confusion  being caused if that trade mark were used by any  other
 person  in relation to any of the goods or services or both in respect
 of which it is registered, and may amend the register accordingly.
 
 
 17.
 
 Effect of registration of parts of a mark.
 
 
 17.   Effect of registration of parts of a mark.-(1) When a trade mark
 consists  of  several  matters, its registration shall confer  on  the
 proprietor  exclusive  right to the use of the trade mark taken  as  a
 whole.
 
 (2)  Notwithstanding  anything  contained in sub-section (1),  when  a
 trade mark-
 
 (a) contains any part-
 
 (i)  which  is  not  the  subject of a  separate  application  by  the
 proprietor for registration as a trade mark;  or
 
 (ii)  which is not separately registered by the proprietor as a  trade
 mark;  or
 
 (b)  contains any matter which is common to the trade or is  otherwise
 of  a  non-distinctive character, the registration thereof  shall  not
 confer  any  exclusive right in the matter forming only a part of  the
 whole of the trade mark so registered.
 
 
 CHAP
 
 PROCEDURE FOR AND DURATION OF REGISTRATION
 
 
 CHAPTER III
 
 PROCEDURE FOR AND DURATION OF REGISTRATION
 
 
 18.
 
 Application for registration.
 
 
 18.   Application for registration.-(1) Any person claiming to be  the
 proprietor  of a trade mark used or proposed to be used by him, who is
 desirous of registering it, shall apply in writing to the Registrar in
 the prescribed manner for the registration o his trade mark.
 
 (2)  A single application may be made for registration of a trade mark
 for  different classes of goods and services and fee payable  therefor
 shall be in respect of each such class of goods or services.
 
 (3)  Every  application  under sub-section (1) shall be filed  in  the
 office of the Trade Marks Registry within whose territorial limits the
 principal  place of business in India of the applicant or in the  case
 of  joint  applicants the principal place of busi ess in India of  the
 applicant whose name is first mentioned in the application as having a
 place  of  business  in India, is situate:  Provided  that  where  the
 applicant or any of the joint applicants does not carry on business in
 India, the application shall be filed in the office of the Trade Marks
 Registry  within  whose territorial limits the place mentioned in  the
 address  for  service  n  India as disclosed in  the  application,  is
 situate.
 
 (4)  Subject  to the provisions of this Act, the Registrar may  refuse
 the  application  or  may  accept it absolutely  or  subject  to  such
 amendments,  modifications,  conditions or limitations, if any, as  he
 may think fit.
 
 (5)  In  the  case  of  a refusal  or  conditional  acceptance  of  an
 application,  the  Registrar shall record in writing the  grounds  for
 such  refusal or conditional acceptance and the materials used by  him
 in arriving at his decision.
 
 
 19.
 
 Withdrawal of acceptance.
 
 
 19.   Withdrawal  of  acceptance.-Where, after the  acceptance  of  an
 application   for  registration  of  a   trade  mark  but  before  its
 registration, the Registrar is satisfied-
 
 (a) that the application has been accepted in error;  or
 
 (b) that in the circumstances of the case the trade mark should not be
 registered   or  should  be  registered   subject  to  conditions   or
 limitations  or  to  conditions additional to or  different  from  the
 conditions  or  limitations subject to which the application has  been
 accepted,
 
 the  Registrar  may,  after hearing the applicant if  he  so  desires,
 withdraw the acceptance and proceed as if the application had not been
 accepted.
 
 
 20.
 
 Advertisement of application.
 
 
 20.   Advertisement  of  application.-(1)   When  an  application  for
 registration  of a trade mark has been accepted, whether absolutely or
 subject  to conditions or limitations, the Registrar shall, as soon as
 may  be  after acceptance, cause the application as ac epted  together
 with  the  conditions or limitations, if any, subject to which it  has
 been accepted, to be advertised in the prescribed manner:
 
 Provided that the Registrar may cause the application to be advertised
 before  acceptance if it relates to a trade mark to which  sub-section
 (1)  of section 9 and sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 11 apply, or
 in  any  other  case where it appears to him th t it is  expedient  by
 reason of any exceptional circumstances so to do.
 
 (2) Where-
 
 (a)  an  application  has  been  advertised  before  acceptance  under
 sub-section (1);  or
 
 (b) after advertisement of an application,-
 
 (i) an error in the application has been corrected;  or
 
 (ii)  the  application has been permitted to be amended under  section
 22,
 
 the  Registrar  may  in  his discretion cause the  application  to  be
 advertised  again or in any case falling under clause (b) may, instead
 of  causing  the  application to be advertised again,  notify  in  the
 prescribed manner the correction or amendment made in t e application.
 
 
 21.
 
 Opposition to registration.
 
 
 21.   Opposition  to  registration.-(1) Any person may,  within  three
 months  from  the date of the advertisement or re-advertisement of  an
 application  for  registration  or  within such  further  period,  not
 exceeding  one month in the aggregate, as the Registrar, o application
 made  to him in the prescribed manner and on payment of the prescribed
 fee,  allows,  give notice in writing in the prescribed manner to  the
 Registrar, of opposition to the registration.
 
 (2)  The  Registrar shall serve a copy of the notice on the  applicant
 for  registration  and,  within  two months from the  receipt  by  the
 applicant  of  such  copy of the notice of opposition,  the  applicant
 shall   send  to  the  Registrar  in   the  prescribed  manner   a   c
 unter-statement of the grounds on which he relies for his application,
 and  if  he  does not do so he shall be deemed to have  abandoned  his
 application.
 
 (3) If the applicant sends such counter-statement, the Registrar shall
 serve a copy thereof on the person giving notice of opposition.
 
 (4)  Any  evidence upon which the opponent and the applicant may  rely
 shall  be submitted in the prescribed manner and within the prescribed
 time  to the Registrar, and the Registrar shall give an opportunity to
 them to be heard, if they so desire.
 
 (5)  The  Registrar shall, after hearing the parties, if so  required,
 and  considering  the  evidence, decide whether and  subject  to  what
 conditions  or  limitations,  if  any,   the  registration  is  to  be
 permitted,  and  may take into account a ground of objection  w  ether
 relied upon by the opponent or not.
 
 (6) Where a person giving notice of opposition or an applicant sending
 a  counter-statement  after receipt of a copy of such  notice  neither
 resides  nor  carries on business in India, the Registrar may  require
 him  to  give security for the costs of proceeding before him, and  in
 default of such security being duly given, may treat the opposition or
 application, as the case may be, as abandoned.
 
 (7)  The Registrar may, on request, permit correction of any error in,
 or  any amendment of, a notice of opposition or a counter-statement on
 such terms as he thinks just.
 
 
 22.
 
 Correction and amendment.
 
 
 22.   Correction and amendment.-The Registrar may, on such terms as he
 thinks  just,  at any time, whether before or after acceptance  of  an
 application  for registration under section 18, permit the  correction
 of  any  error in or in connection with the applica ion or  permit  an
 amendment of the application:
 
 Provided that if an amendment is made to a single application referred
 to  in  sub-section  (2)  of section 18  involving  division  of  such
 application  into two or more applications, the date of making of  the
 divided  applications so divided.  initial application shall be deemed
 to be the date f making of the
 
 
 23.
 
 Registration.
 
 
 23.   Registration.-(1) Subject to the provisions of section 19,  when
 an  application for registration of a trade mark has been accepted and
 either-
 
 (a)  the  application has not been opposed and the time for notice  of
 opposition has expired;  or
 
 (b)  the  application  has been opposed and the  opposition  has  been
 decided  in  favour of the applicant, the Registrar shall, unless  the
 Central Government otherwise directs, register the said trade mark and
 the  trade mark when registered shall be registered as of the date  of
 the making of the said application and that date shall, subject to the
 provisions f section 154, be deemed to be the date of registration.
 
 (2)  On the registration of a trade mark, the Registrar shall issue to
 the applicant a certificate in the prescribed form of the registration
 thereof, sealed with the seal of the Trade Marks Registry.
 
 (3)  Where registration of a trade mark is not completed within twelve
 months  from  the date of the application by reason of default on  the
 part  of the applicant, the Registrar may, after giving notice to  the
 applicant in the prescribed manner, treat the a plication as abandoned
 unless it is completed within the time specified in that behalf in the
 notice.
 
 (4)  The  Registrar  may  amend  the  register  or  a  certificate  of
 registration  for  the  purpose of correcting a clerical error  or  an
 obvious mistake.
 
 
 24.
 
 Jointly owned trade marks.
 
 
 24.   Jointly  owned trade marks.-(1) Save as provided in  sub-section
 (2),  nothing  in this Act shall authorise the registration of two  or
 more  persons who use a trade mark independently, or propose so to use
 it, as joint proprietors thereof.
 
 (2)  Where  the relations between two or more persons interested in  a
 trade mark are such that no one of them is entitled as between himself
 and the other or others of them to use it except-
 
 (a) on behalf of both or all of them;  or
 
 (b)  in  relation to an article or service with which both or  all  of
 them  are  connected  in  the course of trade, those  persons  may  be
 registered  as joint proprietors of the trade mark, and this Act shall
 have  effect  in relation to any rights to the use of the  trade  mark
 vested in those persons as if those rights had been vested in a single
 person.
 
 
 25.
 
 Duration, renewal, removal and restoration of registration.
 
 
 25.   Duration, renewal, removal and restoration of  registration.-(1)
 The  registration of a trade mark, after the commencement of this Act,
 shall  be  for a period of ten years, but may be renewed from time  to
 time in accordance with the provisions of this s ction.
 
 (2)  The  Registrar  shall,  on application  made  by  the  registered
 proprietor  of  a trade mark in the prescribed manner and  within  the
 prescribed  period and subject to payment of the prescribed fee, renew
 the  registration of the trade mark for a period of ten years from the
 date of expiration of the original registration or of the last renewal
 of  registration,  as the case may be (which date is in  this  section
 referred to as the expiration of the last registration).
 
 (3)  At  the  prescribed  time  before  the  expiration  of  the  last
 registration  of  a trade mark the Registrar shall send notice in  the
 prescribed  manner  to  the  registered  proprietor  of  the  date  of
 which  a  renewal  of  registration may be obtained, and,  if  at  the
 expiration of the time prescribed in that behalf those conditions have
 not  been  duly complied with the Registrar may remove the trade  mark
 from  the  register:  expiration and the conditions as to  payment  of
 fees  and otherwi e upon Provided that the Registrar shall not  remove
 the  trade  mark  from the register if an application is made  in  the
 prescribed  form  and the prescribed fee and surcharge is paid  within
 six  months from the expiration of the last registration of the  trade
 mark  a d shall renew the registration of the trade mark for a  period
 of ten years under sub-section (2).
 
 (4)  Where  a  trade  mark  has been removed  from  the  register  for
 non-payment  of  the  prescribed fee, the Registrar shall,  after  six
 months  and  within  one  year  from   the  expiration  of  the   last
 registration  of  the trade mark, on receipt of an application in  the
 prescribed  form  and on payment of the prescribed fee,  if  satisfied
 that  it is just so to do, restore the trade mark to the register  and
 renew  the registration of the trade mark either generally or  subject
 to  such  conditions or limitations as he thinks fi to impose,  for  a
 period of ten years from the expiration of the last registration.
 
 
 26.
 
 Effect of removal from register for failure to pay fee for renewal.
 
 
 26.   Effect  of  removal  from register for failure to  pay  fee  for
 renewal.-Where  a  trade mark has been removed from the  register  for
 failure  to  pay the fee for renewal, it shall nevertheless,  for  the
 purpose  of any application for the registration of anothe trade  mark
 during one year, next after the date of the removal, be deemed to be a
 trade  mark already on the register, unless the tribunal is  satisfied
 either-
 
 (a) that there has been no bona fide trade use of the trade mark which
 has  been  removed  during  the two years  immediately  preceding  its
 removal;  or
 
 (b)  that no deception or confusion would be likely to arise from  the
 use  of  the  trade mark which is the subject of the  application  for
 registration by reason of any previous use of the trade mark which has
 been removed.
 
 
 CHAP
 
 EFFECT OF REGISTRATION
 
 
 CHAPTER IV
 
 EFFECT OF REGISTRATION
 
 
 27.
 
 No action for infringement of unregistered trade mark.
 
 
 27.   No  action for infringement of unregistered trade  mark.-(1)  No
 person shall be entitled to institute any proceeding to prevent, or to
 recover damages for, the infringement of an unregistered trade mark.
 
 (2)  Nothing  in this Act shall be deemed to affect rights  of  action
 against  any person for passing off goods or services as the goods  of
 another  person  or  as services provided by another  person,  or  the
 remedies in respect thereof.
 
 
 28.
 
 Rights conferred by registration.
 
 
 28.   Rights  conferred  by  registration.-(1) Subject  to  the  other
 provisions  of  this Act, the registration of a trade mark  shall,  if
 valid,  give  to  the  registered proprietor of  the  trade  mark  the
 exclusive  right to the use of the trade mark in relation to t e goods
 or  services  in respect of which the trade mark is registered and  to
 obtain  relief  in  respect of infringement of the trade mark  in  the
 manner provided by this Act.
 
 (2)  The  exclusive  right  to the use of a  trade  mark  given  under
 sub-section  (1) shall be subject to any conditions and limitations to
 which the registration is subject.
 
 (3)  Where  two  or more persons are registered proprietors  of  trade
 marks,  which  are identical with or nearly resemble each  other,  the
 exclusive  right  to  the use of any of those trade  marks  shall  not
 conditions  or limitations entered on the register) be deemed to  have
 been  acquired  by  any one of those persons as against any  other  of
 those  persons  merely by registration of the trade marks but each  of
 those persons has otherwise the same rights as (except so far as their
 respective  rights are subject to any gainst other persons (not  being
 registered users using by way of permitted use) as he would have if he
 were the sole registered proprietor.
 
 
 29.
 
 Infringement of registered trade marks.
 
 
 29.   Infringement  of registered trade marks.-(1) A registered  trade
 mark  is infringed by a person who, not being a registered  proprietor
 or  a  person  using by way of permitted use, uses in  the  course  of
 trade,  a mark which is identical with, or deceptively similar to, the
 trade  mark  in relation to goods or services in respect of which  the
 trade  mark  is registered and in such manner as to render the use  of
 the mark likely to be taken as being used as a trade mark.
 
 (2)  A registered trade mark is infringed by a person who, not being a
 registered  proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses
 in the course of trade, a mark which because of-
 
 (a)  its identity with the registered trade mark and the similarity of
 the goods or services covered by such registered trade mark;  or
 
 (b)  its  similarity to the registered trade mark and the identity  or
 similarity  of the goods or services covered by such registered  trade
 mark;  or
 
 (c)  its  identity with the registered trade mark and the identity  of
 the goods or services covered by such registered trade mark, is likely
 to  cause  confusion on the part of the public, or which is likely  to
 have an association with the registered trade mark.
 
 (3) In any case falling under clause (c) of sub-section (2), the court
 shall  presume that it is likely to cause confusion on the part of the
 public.
 
 (4)  A registered trade mark is infringed by a person who, not being a
 registered  proprietor or a person using by way of permitted use, uses
 in the course of trade, a mark which-
 
 (a) is identical with or similar to the registered trade mark;  and
 
 (b)  is used in relation to goods or services which are not similar to
 those for which the trade mark is registered;  and
 
 (c) the registered trade mark has a reputation in India and the use of
 the mark without due cause takes unfair advantage of or is detrimental
 to, the distinctive character or repute of the registered trade mark.
 
 (5)  A registered trade mark is infringed by a person if he uses  such
 registered trade mark, as his trade name or part of his trade name, or
 name  of  his  business concern or part of the name, of  his  business
 concern dealing in goods or services in respect f which the trade mark
 is registered.
 
 (6) For the purposes of this section, a person uses a registered mark,
 if, in particular, he-
 
 (a) affixes it to goods or the packaging thereof;
 
 (b)  offers  or  exposes goods for sale, puts them on the  market,  or
 stocks  them  for those purposes under the registered trade  mark,  or
 offers or supplies services under the registered trade mark;
 
 (c) imports or exports goods under the mark;  or
 
 (d)  uses  the  registered  trade  mark   on  business  papers  or  in
 advertising.
 
 (7)  A registered trade mark is infringed by a person who applies such
 registered  trade mark to a material intended to be used for labelling
 or  packaging goods, as a business paper, or for advertising goods  or
 services,  provided such person, when he appli d the mark, knew or had
 reason  to  believe  that  the application of the mark  was  not  duly
 authorised by the proprietor or a licensee.
 
 (8)  A  registered trade mark is infringed by any advertising of  that
 trade mark if such advertising-
 
 (a)  takes unfair advantage of and is contrary to honest practices  in
 industrial or commercial matters;  or
 
 (b) is detrimental to its distinctive character;  or
 
 (c) is against the reputation of the trade mark.
 
 (9)  Where the distinctive elements of a registered trade mark consist
 of or include words, the trade mark may be infringed by the spoken use
 of those words as well as by their visual representation and reference
 in this section to the use of a mark shall be construed accordingly.
 
 
 30.
 
 Limits on effect of registered trade mark.
 
 
 30.  Limits on effect of registered trade mark.-(1) Nothing in section
 29 shall be construed as preventing the use of a registered trade mark
 by  any  person for the purposes of identifying goods or  services  as
 those of the proprietor provided the use-
 
 (a) is in accordance with honest practices in industrial or commercial
 matters, and
 
 (b)  is  not such as to take unfair advantage of or be detrimental  to
 the distinctive character or repute of the trade mark.
 
 (2) A registered trade mark is not infringed where-
 
 (a)  the  use  in relation to goods or services  indicates  the  kind,
 quality,  quantity, intended purpose, value, geographical origin,  the
 time  of  production  of goods or of rendering of  services  or  other
 characteristics of goods or services;
 
 (b)  a  trade  mark  is  registered   subject  to  any  conditions  or
 limitations,  the  use of the trade mark in any manner in relation  to
 goods  to be sold or otherwise traded in, in any place, or in relation
 to  goods  to be exported to any market or in relation to ervices  for
 use  or available or acceptance in any place or country outside  India
 or  in  any  other  circumstances, to which, having  regard  to  those
 conditions or limitations, the registration does not extend;
 
 (c) the use by a person of a trade mark-
 
 (i)  in  relation to goods connected in the course of trade  with  the
 proprietor  or  a  registered user of the trade mark if, as  to  those
 goods  or a bulk or which they form part, the registered proprietor or
 the  registered  user conforming to the permitted use has applied  the
 trade  mark and has not subsequently removed or obliterated it, or has
 at  any time expressly or impliedly consented to the use of the  trade
 mark;  or
 
 (ii)  in relation to services to which the proprietor of such mark  or
 of  a registered user conforming to the permitted use has applied  the
 mark,  where  the  purpose  and effect of the use of the  mark  is  to
 indicate,  in accordance with the fact, that those se vices have  been
 performed by the proprietor or a registered user of the mark;
 
 (d)  the use of a trade mark by a person in relation to goods  adapted
 to  form  part of, or to be accessory to, other goods or  services  in
 relation to which the trade mark has been used without infringement of
 the  right  given by registration under this Act r might for the  time
 being be so used, if the use of the trade mark is reasonably necessary
 in  order  to indicate that the goods or services are so adapted,  and
 neither  the purpose nor the effect of the use of the trade mark is to
 indicate,  otherwise than in accordance with the fact, a connection in
 the  course of trade between any person and the goods or services,  as
 the case may be;
 
 (e) the use of a registered trade mark, being one of two or more trade
 marks registered under this Act which are identical or nearly resemble
 each  other,  in exercise of the right to the use of that  trade  mark
 given by registration under this Act.
 
 (3)  Where  the  goods bearing a registered trade  mark  are  lawfully
 acquired by a person, the sale of the goods in the market or otherwise
 dealing in those goods by that person or by a person claiming under or
 through him is not infringement of a trade by r ason only of-
 
 (a)  the registered trade mark having been assigned by the  registered
 proprietor to some other person, after the acquisition of those goods;
 or
 
 (b) the goods having been put on the market under the registered trade
 mark by the proprietor or with his consent.
 
 (4)  Sub-section  (3)  shall not apply where there  exists  legitimate
 reasons  for the proprietor to oppose further dealings in the goods in
 particular,  where  the  condition of the goods, has been  changed  or
 impaired after they have been put on the market.
 
 
 31.
 
 Registration to be prima facie evidence of validity.
 
 
 31.   Registration to be prima facie evidence of validity.-(1) In  all
 legal  proceedings relating to a trade mark registered under this  Act
 (including  applications under section 57), the original  registration
 of  the trade mark and of all subsequent assignme ts and transmissions
 of  the  trade  mark  shall be prima facie evidence  of  the  validity
 thereof;
 
 (2)  In  all  legal proceedings as aforesaid a registered  trade  mark
 shall  not  be  held  to be invalid on the ground that it  was  not  a
 registrable  trade  mark  under  section 9  except  upon  evidence  of
 distinctiveness  and  that  such  evidence was not submitted  to  t  e
 Registrar before registration, if it is proved that the trade mark had
 been  so used by the registered proprietor or his predecessor in title
 as to have become distinctive at the date of registration.
 
 
 32.
 
 Protection of registration on ground of distinctiveness in certaincases.
 
 
 32.   Protection  of  registration  on ground  of  distinctiveness  in
 certain  cases.-Where  a  trade  mark  is  registered  in  breach   of
 sub-section  (1) of section 9, it shall not be declared invalid if, in
 consequence  of  the  use  which has been made of it,  it  has  aft  r
 registration   and  before  commencement  of  any  legal   proceedings
 challenging  the validity of such registration, acquired a distinctive
 character  in  relation  to  the goods or services  for  which  it  is
 registered.
 
 
 33.
 
 Effect of acquiescence.
 
 
 33.   Effect  of acquiescence.-(1) Where the proprietor of an  earlier
 trade mark has acquiesced for a continuous period of five years in the
 use  of a registered trade mark, being aware of that use, he shall  no
 longer be entitled on the basis of that earlier trade mark-
 
 (a)  to  apply  for a declaration that the registration of  the  later
 trade mark is invalid, or
 
 (b) to oppose the use of the later trade mark in relation to the goods
 or  services  in  relation to which it has been so  used,  unless  the
 registration of the later trade mark was not applied in good faith.
 
 (2)  Where sub-section (1) applies, the proprietor of the later  trade
 mark  is not entitled to oppose the use of the earlier trade mark,  or
 as  the  case  may  be,  the   exploitation  of  the  earlier   right,
 notwithstanding  that the earlier trade mark may no longer be  invoked
 against his later trade mark.
 
 
 34.
 
 Saving for vested rights.
 
 
 34.   Saving for vested rights.-Nothing in this Act shall entitle  the
 proprietor  or a registered user of registered trade mark to interfere
 with  or restrain the use by any person of a trade mark identical with
 or nearly resembling it in relation to goods o services in relation to
 which  that  person or a predecessor in title of his has  continuously
 used that trade mark from a date prior-
 
 (a)  to the use of the first-mentioned trade mark in relation to those
 goods  or services be the proprietor or a predecessor in title of his;
 or
 
 (b)  to the date of registration of the first-mentioned trade mark  in
 respect  of those goods or services in the name of the proprietor of a
 predecessor  in  title  of  his;  whichever is the  earlier,  and  the
 Registrar  shall not refuse (on such use being proved) to register the
 second  mentioned trade mark by reason only of the registration of the
 first-mentioned trade mark.
 
 
 35.
 
 Saving for use of name, address or description of goods or services.
 
 
 35.   Saving  for  use  of name, address or description  of  goods  or
 services.-Nothing  in  this  Act  shall entitle the  proprietor  or  a
 registered  user of a registered trade mark to interfere with any bona
 fide use by a person of his own name or that of his place of business,
 or of the name, or of the name of the place of business, of any of his
 predecessors  in  business, or the use by any person of any bona  fide
 description of the character or quality of his goods or services.
 
 
 36.
 
 Saving for words used as name or description of an article orsubstance or
 service.
 
 
 36.   Saving  for words used as name or description of an  article  or
 substance  or service.-(1) The registration of a trade mark shall  not
 be  deemed to have become invalid by reason only of any use after  the
 date  of  the  registration of any word or words whic the  trade  mark
 contains  or  of  which it consists as the name or description  of  an
 article or substance or service:
 
 Provided that, if it is proved either-
 
 (a) that there is a well known and established use of the said word as
 the  name  or description of the article or substance or service by  a
 person or persons carrying on trade therein, not being use in relation
 to  goods  or  services  connected in the course  of  trade  with  the
 proprietor or a registered user of the trade mark or (in the case of a
 certification  trade mark) in relation to goods or services  certified
 by the proprietor;  or
 
 (b)  that  the article or substance was formerly manufactured under  a
 patent  that  a  period of two years or more after the cesser  of  the
 patent has elapsed and that the said word is the only practicable name
 or  description  of  the  article  or  substance,  the  provisions  of
 sub-section (2) shall apply.
 
 (2)  Where  the  facts mentioned in clause (a) or clause  (b)  of  the
 proviso  to  sub-section  (1) are proved with respect  to  any  words,
 then,-
 
 (a)  for the purposes of any proceedings under section 57 if the trade
 mark  consists  solely  of such words, the registration of  the  trade
 mark,  so  far  as regards registration in respect of the  article  or
 the  services or of any services of the same description, as the  case
 requires,  shall  be  deemed to be an entry wrongly remaining  on  the
 register;   substance  in  question  or of any goods of  the  same  de
 cription, or of
 
 (b)  for  the purposes of any other legal proceedings relating to  the
 trade mark,-
 
 (i) if the trade mark consists solely of such words, all rights of the
 proprietor  under  this Act or any other law to the use of  the  trade
 mark;  or
 
 (ii)  if the trade mark contains such words and other matter, all such
 right  of the proprietor to the use of such words, in relation to  the
 article  or  substance or to any goods of the same description, or  to
 the  service  or to any services of the same description, as the  case
 requires,  shall be deemed to have ceased on the date on which the use
 mentioned  in clause (a) of th proviso to sub-section (1) first became
 well  known and established or at the expiration of the period of  two
 years mentioned in clause (b) of the said proviso.
 
 
 CHAP
 
 ASSIGNMENT AND TRANSMISSION
 
 
 CHAPTER V
 
 ASSIGNMENT AND TRANSMISSION
 
 
 37.
 
 Power of registered proprietor to assign and give receipts.
 
 
 37.   Power of registered proprietor to assign and give  receipts.-The
 person  for the time being entered in the register as proprietor of  a
 trade  mark  shall, subject to the provisions of this Act and  to  any
 rights  appearing from the register to be vested in any other  person,
 have  power  to assign the trade mark, and to give effectual  receipts
 for any consideration for such assignment.
 
 
 38.
 
 Assignability and transmissibility of registered trade marks.
 
 
 38.    Assignability   and  transmissibility   of   registered   trade
 marks.-Notwithstanding  anything  in any other law to the contrary,  a
 registered  trade  mark  shall,  subject to  the  provisions  of  this
 Chapter,  be assignable and transmissible, whether with or withou  the
 goodwill  of  the business concerned and in respect either of all  the
 goods  or services in respect of which the trade mark is registered or
 of some only of those goods or services.
 
 
 39.
 
 Assignability and transmissibility of unregistered trade marks.
 
 
 39.    Assignability  and  transmissibility   of  unregistered   trade
 marks.-An  unregistered trade mark may be assigned or transmitted with
 or without the goodwill of the business concerned.
 
 
 40.
 
 Restriction on assignment or transmission where multiple exclusiverights would
 be created.
 
 
 40.  Restriction on assignmnt or transmission where multiple exclusive
 rights  would be created.-(1) Notwithstanding anything in sections  38
 and  39,  a trade mark shall not be assignable or transmissible  in  a
 case  in  which  as a result of the assignment or t  ansmission  there
 would  in  the  circumstances subsist, whether under this Act  or  any
 other  law, exclusive rights in more than one of the persons concerned
 to the use, in relation to-
 
 (a) same goods or services;
 
 (b) same description of goods or services;
 
 (c)  goods  or services or description of goods or services which  are
 associated  with  each  other, of trade marks nearly  resembling  each
 other  or of identical trade mark, if having regard to the  similarity
 of  the  goods and services and to the similarity of the trade  marks,
 the use of the trade marks in exercise of those rights would be likely
 to decei e or cause confusion:
 
 Provided  that an assignment or transmission shall not be deemed to be
 invalid under this sub-section if the exclusive rights subsisting as a
 result  thereof  in  the persons concerned  respectively  are,  having
 by  two  or more of those persons in relation to goods to be sold,  or
 otherwise traded in, within India otherwise than for export therefrom,
 or  in  relation  to goods to be exported to the same  market  outside
 India  or in relation to servi regard to limitations imposed  thereon,
 such  as n t to be exercisable es for use at any place in India or any
 place  outside India in relation to services available for  acceptance
 in India.
 
 (2)  The proprietor of a registered trade mark who proposes to  assign
 it may submit to the Registrar in the prescribed manner a statement of
 case  setting out the circumstances and the Registrar may issue to him
 a  certificate stating whether, having regard to the similarity of the
 goods  or services and of the trade marks referred to in the case, the
 proposed  assignment  would or would not be invalid under  sub-section
 (1),  and a certificate so issued shall, subject to appeal and  unless
 it   is  shown  that  the  c   rtificate  was  obtained  by  fraud  or
 misrepresentation,  be  conclusive  as to the validity  or  invalidity
 under  sub-section (1) of the assignment in so far as such validity or
 invalidity depends upon the facts set out in the case, but, as regards
 a  certificat  in  favour  of validity, only if  application  for  the
 registration  under  section  45 of the title of the  person  becoming
 entitled  is  made  within  six  months from the  date  on  which  the
 certificate is issued.
 
 
 41.
 
 Restriction on assignment or transmission when exclusive rights wouldbe created
 in different parts of India.
 
 
 41.   Restriction on assignment or transmission when exclusive  rights
 would be created in different parts of India.-Notwithstanding anything
 in  sections  38  and  39, a trade mark shall  not  be  assignable  or
 transmissible  in  a  case in which as a result of  the  ssignment  or
 transmission  there would in the circumstances subsist, whether  under
 this Act or any other law-
 
 (a)  an exclusive right in one of the persons concerned, to the use of
 the  trade  mark  limited to use in relation to goods to  be  sold  or
 otherwise traded in, in any place in India, or in relation to services
 for  use, or services available for acceptance in any place in  India;
 and
 
 (b)  an exclusive right in another of these persons concerned, to  the
 use  of a trade mark nearly resembling the first-mentioned trade  mark
 or of an identical trade mark in relation to-
 
 (i) the same goods or services;  or
 
 (ii) the same description of goods or services;  or
 
 (iii)  services which are associated with those goods or goods of that
 description  or  goods  which are associated with  those  services  or
 services  of that description, limited to use in relation to goods  to
 be  sold or otherwise traded in, or services for use, or available for
 acceptance, in any other place in India:
 
 Provided  that  in  any such case, on application  in  the  prescribed
 manner by the proprietor of a trade mark who proposes to assign it, or
 by  a  person  who  claims  that a  registered  trade  mark  has  been
 transmitted  to  him  or to a predecessor in title of his  si  ce  the
 commencement  of  this Act, the Registrar, if he is satisfied that  in
 all  the  circumstances the use of the trade mark in exercise  of  the
 said  rights would not be contrary to the public interest may  approve
 the  assignment or transmission, and an assi nment or transmission  so
 approved  shall not, unless it is shown that the approval was obtained
 by  fraud  or  misrepresentation, be deemed to be invalid  under  this
 section  or  section  40  if application for  the  registration  under
 section  45 of the title of th person becoming entitled is made within
 six  months  from the date on which the approval is given or,  in  the
 case of a transmission, was made before that date.
 
 
 42.
 
 Conditions for assignment otherwise than in connection with thegoodwill of a
 business.
 
 
 42.   Conditions for assignment otherwise than in connection with  the
 goodwill  of a business.-Where an assignment of a trade mark,  whether
 registered  or unregistered is made otherwise than in connection  with
 the  goodwill  of the business in which the mark h s been or is  used,
 the  assignment  shall not take effect unless the assignee, not  later
 than  the  expiration  of  six  months from  the  date  on  which  the
 assignment  is  made  or  within such extended  period,  if  any,  not
 exceeding  three months in the aggregate, as the Registrar may  allow,
 applies   to  the  Registrar  for   directions  with  respect  to  the
 advertisement  of  the assignment, and advertises it in such form  and
 manner and within such period as the Registrar may direct.
 
 Explanation.-For  the  purposes  of this section, an assignment  of  a
 trade  mark of the following description shall not be deemed to be  an
 assignment  made otherwise than in connection with the goodwill of the
 business in which the mark is used, namely:-
 
 (a) an assignment of a trade mark in respect only of some of the goods
 or  services for which the trade mark is registered accompanied by the
 transfer  of the goodwill of the business concerned in those goods  or
 services only;  or
 
 (b)  an assignment of a trade mark which is used in relation to  goods
 exported  from India or in relation to services for use outside  India
 if  the  assignment is accompanied by the transfer of the goodwill  of
 the export business only.
 
 
 43.
 
 Assignability and transmissibility of certification trade marks.
 
 
 43.   Assignability  and  transmissibility   of  certification   trade
 marks.-A  certification  trade  mark  shall   not  be  assignable   or
 transmissible  otherwise  than with the consent of the Registrar,  for
 which application shall be made in writing in the prescribed ma ner.
 
 
 44.
 
 Assignability and transmissibility or associated trade marks.
 
 
 44.    Assignability   and  transmissibility   or   associated   trade
 marks.-Associated  trade  marks shall be assignable and  transmissible
 only  as a whole and not separately, but, subject to the provisions of
 this  Act,  they shall, for all other purposes, be deemed t have  been
 registered as separate trade marks.
 
 
 45.
 
 Registration of assignments and transmissions.
 
 
 45.  Registration of assignments and transmissions.-(1) Where a person
 becomes  entitled by assignment or transmission to a registered  trade
 mark,  he  shall  apply in the prescribed manner to the  Registrar  to
 register  his  title,  and  the Registrar shall, on  r  ceipt  of  the
 application and on proof of title to his satisfaction, register him as
 the  proprietor of the trade mark in respect of the goods or  services
 in  respect  of which the assignment or transmission has  effect,  and
 shall  cause  particulars  of  the ass gnment or  transmission  to  be
 entered on the register:
 
 Provided  that where the validity of an assignment or transmission  is
 in  dispute between the parties, the Registrar may refuse to  register
 the  assignment  or transmission until the rights of the parties  have
 been determined by a competent court.
 
 (2)  Except  for  the purpose of an application before  the  Registrar
 under  sub-section  (1)  or  an appeal from an order  thereon,  or  an
 application  under  section 57 or an appeal from an order  thereon,  a
 document  or  instrument in respect of which no entry has een made  in
 the register in accordance with sub-section (1), shall not be admitted
 in  evidence  by the Registrar or the Appellate Board or any court  in
 proof  of title to the trade mark by assignment or transmission unless
 the Registrar or the Appellate Bo rd or the court, as the case may be,
 otherwise directs.
 
 
 CHAP
 
 USE OF TRADE MARKS AND REGISTERED USERS
 
 
 CHAPTER VI
 
 USE OF TRADE MARKS AND REGISTERED USERS
 
 
 46.
 
 Proposed use of trade mark by company to be formed, etc.
 
 
 46.   Proposed use of trade mark by company to be formed, etc.-(1)  No
 application  for  the registration of a trade mark in respect  of  any
 goods  or  services  shall be refused nor shall  permission  for  such
 registration  be withheld, on the ground only that it a pears that the
 applicant  does  not  use  or propose to use the  trade  mark  if  the
 Registrar is satisfied that-
 
 (a) a company is about to be formed and registered under the Companies
 Act,  1956  (1 of 1956) and that the applicant intends to  assign  the
 trade  mark to that company with a view to the use thereof in relation
 to those goods or services by the company, or
 
 (b)  the proprietor intends it to be used by a person, as a registered
 user after the registration of the trade mark.
 
 (2)  The provisions of section 47 shall have effect, in relation to  a
 trade  mark registered under the powers conferred by this sub-section,
 as  if  for  the reference, in clause (a) of sub-section (1)  of  that
 section, to the intention on the part of an appl cant for registration
 that  a  trade  mark should be used by him there  were  substituted  a
 reference  to the intention on his part that it should be used by  the
 company or registered user concerned.
 
 (3)  The  tribunal  may, in a case to which sub-section  (1)  applies,
 require  the  applicant  to  give  security   for  the  costs  of  any
 proceedings  relating  to any opposition or appeal, and in default  of
 such security being duly given, may treat the application a abandoned.
 
 (4)  Where in a case to which sub-section (1) applies, a trade mark in
 respect  of  any  goods or services is registered in the  name  of  an
 applicant  who,  relies  on intention to assign the trade  mark  to  a
 company,  then,  unless  within such period as may be  pr  scribed  or
 within  such further period not exceeding six months as the  Registrar
 may, on application being made to him in the prescribed manner, allow,
 the company has been registered as the proprietor of the trade mark in
 respect  of  those goods or servic s, the registration shall cease  to
 have  effect  in respect thereof at the expiration of that period  and
 the Registrar shall amend the register accordingly.
 
 
 47.
 
 Removal from register and imposition of limitations on ground ofnon-use.
 
 
 47.   Removal from register and imposition of limitations on ground of
 non-use.(1)  A registered trade mark may be taken off the register  in
 respect  of the goods or services in respect of which it is registered
 on  application  made in the prescribed manner o the Registrar or  the
 Appellate Board by any person aggrieved on the ground either-
 
 (a) that the trade mark was registered without any bona fide intention
 on  the part of the applicant for registration that it should be  used
 in  relation to those goods or services by him or, in a case to  which
 the  provisions  of section 46 apply, by the c mpany concerned or  the
 registered user, as the case may be, and that there has, in fact, been
 no  bona  fide  use of the trade mark in relation to  those  goods  or
 services  by  any proprietor thereof for the time being up to  a  date
 three months before the date of the application;  or
 
 (b) that up to a date three months before the date of the application,
 a  continuous  period of five years from the date on which  the  trade
 mark  is actually entered in the register or longer had elapsed during
 which  the trade mark was registered and durin which there was no bona
 fide  use  thereof  in  relation to those goods  or  services  by  any
 proprietor thereof for the time being:
 
 Provided  that  except  where the applicant has been  permitted  under
 section 12 to register an identical or nearly resembling trade mark in
 respect of the goods or services in question, or where the tribunal is
 trade mark, the tribunal may refuse an application under clause (a) or
 clause  (b) in relation to any goods or services, if it is shown  that
 there  has  been,  before  the relevant date or  during  the  relevant
 period,  as  the  case may be, of opinion that he  might  properly  be
 permitte  so to register such a bona fide use of the trade mark by any
 proprietor thereof for the time being in relation to-
 
 (i) goods or services of the same description;  or
 
 (ii) goods or services associated with those goods or services of that
 description being goods or services, as the case may be, in respect of
 which the trade mark is registered.
 
 (2)  Where in relation to any goods or services in respect of which  a
 trade mark is registered-
 
 (a) the circumstances referred to in clause (b) of sub-section (1) are
 shown to exist so far as regards non-use of the trade mark in relation
 to  goods  to  be sold, or otherwise traded in a particular  place  in
 India  (otherwise than for export from India), or in relation to goods
 to  be exported to a particular market outside India;  or in  relation
 to  services for use or available for acceptance in a particular place
 in India or for use in a particular market outside India;  and
 
 (b)  a  person  has  been permitted under section 12  to  register  an
 identical  or nearly resembling trade mark in respect of those  goods,
 under  a  registration extending to use in relation to goods to be  so
 sold,  or  otherwise  traded  in,  or in relation to  good  to  be  so
 exported,  or  in  relation  to  services for  use  or  available  for
 acceptance  in that place or for use in that country, or the  tribunal
 is  of opinion that he might properly be permitted so to register such
 a  trade mark, on application by that person in the prescribed  manner
 to the Appellate Board or to the Registrar, the tribunal may impose on
 the registration of the first-mentioned trade mark such limitations as
 it  thinks  proper for securing that that registration shal  cease  to
 extend to such use.
 
 (3)  An  applicant  shall not be entitled to rely for the  purpose  of
 clause  (b) of sub-section (1) or for the purposes of sub-section  (2)
 on  any  non-use  of a trade mark which is shown to have been  due  to
 special circumstances in the trade, which includes re trictions on the
 use  of  the trade mark in India imposed by any law or regulation  and
 not  to  any  intention  to abandon or not to use the  trade  mark  in
 relation to the goods or services to which the application relates.
 
 
 48.
 
 Registered users.
 
 
 48.   Registered users.-(1) Subject to the provisions of section 49, a
 person  other  than the registered proprietor of a trade mark  may  be
 registered  as  a registered user thereof in respect of any or all  of
 the  goods  or  services  in  respect  of which  the  tra  e  mark  is
 registered.
 
 (2)  The  permitted use of a trade mark shall be deemed to be used  by
 the proprietor thereof, and shall be deemed not to be used by a person
 other  than the proprietor, for the purposes of section 47 or for  any
 other  purpose  for  which such use is material nder this Act  or  any
 other law.
 
 
 49.
 
 Registration as registered user.
 
 
 49.   Registration as registered user.-(1) Where it is proposed that a
 person  should be registered as a registered user of a trade mark, the
 registered  proprietor and the proposed registered user shall  jointly
 apply  in writing to the Registrar in the pres ribed manner, and every
 such application shall be accompanied by-
 
 (a)  the  agreement in writing or a duly authenticated  copy  thereof,
 entered  into  between  the  registered proprietor  and  the  proposed
 registered  user with respect to the permitted use of the trade  mark;
 and
 
 (b)  an affidavit made by the registered proprietor or by some  person
 authorised to the satisfaction of the Registrar to act on his behalf,-
 
 (i)  giving  particulars  of the relationship, existing  or  proposed,
 between  the  registered proprietor and the proposed registered  user,
 including  particulars showing the degree of control by the proprietor
 over  the  permitted  use  which their relationship w  ll  confer  and
 whether  it  is  a  term  of  their  relationship  that  the  proposed
 registered  user shall be the sole registered user or that there shall
 be  any  other  restriction as to persons for  whose  registration  as
 registered users application may be made;
 
 (ii) stating the goods or services in respect of which registration is
 proposed;
 
 (iii)  stating  the conditions or restrictions, if any, proposed  with
 respect  to the characteristics of the goods or services, to the  mode
 or place of permitted use, or to any other matter;
 
 (iv)  stating  whether  the  permitted use is to be for  a  period  or
 without  limit of period, and, if for a period, the duration  thereof;
 and
 
 (c) such further documents or other evidence as may be required by the
 Registrar or as may be prescribed.
 
 (2)  When the requirements of sub-section (1) have been complied with,
 the  Registrar shall register the proposed registered user in  respect
 of the goods or services as to which he is so satisfied.
 
 (3)  The Registrar shall issue notice in the prescribed manner of  the
 registration  of  a person as a registered user, to  other  registered
 users of the trade mark, if any.
 
 (4)  The Registrar shall, if so requested by the applicant, take steps
 for securing that information given for the purposes of an application
 under this section (other than matters entered in the register) is not
 disclosed to rivals in trade.
 
 
 50.
 
 Power of Registrar for variation or cancellation of registration asregistered
 user.
 
 
 50.   Power of Registrar for variation or cancellation of registration
 as registered user.-(1) Without prejudice to the provisions of section
 57, the registration of a person as registered user-
 
 (a) may be varied by the Registrar as regards the goods or services in
 respect  of  which it has effect on the application in writing in  the
 prescribed manner of the registered proprietor of the trade mark;
 
 (b) may be cancelled by the Registrar on the application in writing in
 the  prescribed  manner  of  the   registered  proprietor  or  of  the
 registered user or of any other registered user of the trade mark;
 
 (c) may be cancelled by the Registrar on the application in writing in
 the  prescribed manner of any person on any of the following  grounds,
 namely:-
 
 (i) that the registered user has used the trade mark otherwise than in
 accordance  with the agreement under clause (a) of sub-section (1)  of
 section  49  or  in  such way as to cause or to be  likely  to  cause,
 deception or confusion;
 
 (ii)  that  the proprietor or the registered user  misrepresented,  or
 failed  to  disclose,  some  fact  material  to  the  application  for
 registration  which  if accurately represented or disclosed would  not
 have justified the registration of the registered user;
 
 (iii)   that  the  circumstances  have   changed  since  the  date  of
 registration  in  such a way that at the date of such application  for
 cancellation  they  would  not  have  justified  registration  of  the
 registered user;
 
 (iv)  that  the  registration ought not to have been  effected  having
 regard  to  rights vested in the applicant by virtue of a contract  in
 the preformance of which he is interested;
 
 (d)  may  be  cancelled by the Registrar on his own motion or  on  the
 application  in writing in the prescribed manner by any person, on the
 ground  that  any stipulation in the agreement between the  registered
 proprietor  and the registered user regarding the uality of the  goods
 or  services  in  relation to which the trade mark is to  be  used  is
 either not being enforced or is not being complied with;
 
 (e)  may  be  cancelled